The war in Ukraine is set to cause the “largest commodity shock” since the 1970s, the World Bank has warned.
A new forecast said the disruption caused by the conflict would contribute to huge price rises for goods ranging from natural gas to wheat and cotton.
The increase in prices “is starting to have very large economic and humanitarian effects”, Peter Nagle, a co-author of the report, told the BBC.
He said, “households across the world are feeling the cost of living crisis”.
“We’re particularly worried about the poorest households since they spend a larger share of income on food and energy, so they’re particularly vulnerable to this price spike,” the senior economist at the World Bank added.
Energy prices are set to increase more than 50%, pushing up bills for households and businesses, the World Bank says.
The biggest rise will be in the price of natural gas in Europe, which is set to more than double in cost. Prices are forecast to fall next year and in 2024, but even then will remain 15% higher than they were last year.
The World Bank said this means that from the lows of April 2020 until the highs of March this year we have seen “the largest 23-month increase in energy prices since the 1973 oil price hike”, when tensions in the Middle East sent prices soaring.
Similarly oil prices are expected to remain elevated into 2024 with a barrel of the benchmark measure, Brent Crude, projected to average $100 this year, something which will lead to widespread inflation.
Russia produces about 11% of the world’s oil, the third biggest share, but the report said “disruptions resulting from the war are expected to having a lasting negative effect” as sanctions mean that foreign companies leave and access to technology is reduced.
Russia currently provides 40% of the EU’s gas and 27% of its oil, but European governments are moving to wean their countries off of supplies from Russia. That has helped push up global prices by creating more demand for supplies from elsewhere.
Wheat set for record highs
The World Bank commodity outlook also warned many foods are set to see steep rises in their costs. The UN food prices index already shows they are at their highest since records began 60 years ago.
Wheat is forecast to increase 42.7% and reach new record highs in dollar terms. Other notable increases will be 33.3% for barley, 20% for soybeans and 29.8% for oils and 41.8% for chicken. These increases reflect the fact that exports from Ukraine and Russia have fallen drastically.
Before the war the two countries accounted for 28.9% of global wheat exports according to JP Morgan, and 60% of global sunflower supplies – a key ingredient in many processed foods – according to S&P Global.
Prices for other raw materials including fertilisers, metals and minerals are also predicted to go up. The costs of timber, tea and rice are amongst the few expected to fall.
“Wheat is one of the hardest agriculture exports to replace,” according to a research note from the Bank of America. It points out that poor weather conditions in North America and China are likely to exacerbate the impact of Ukrainian supplies being reduced, something which will continue because the war has disrupted the spring planting season.
The note also suggests grain and oilseed shipments from Ukraine have fallen more than 80% because of the fighting and these lost exports, over the course of a year, “equate to about 10 days of world food supply”.
The chief executive of Archer Daniels Midland, one of the world’s four big food commodity traders, said he does not expect prices to come down soon.
As the US firm announced a 53% increase in net earnings for the first three month of this year, to $1.05bn, Juan Luciano said: “We expect reduced crop supplies – caused by the weak Canadian canola crop, the short South American crops, and now the disruptions in the Black Sea region – to drive continued tightness in global grain markets for the next few years”.
Mr Nagle, from the World Bank, said other countries can help solve the supply shortage caused by Ukraine’s war in the medium term. However a forecast 69% increase in fertiliser prices this year means “there’s a real risk that as farmers start to use fewer fertilisers, agricultural yields will decline”.
For commodities overall, the World Bank report said: “While prices generally are expected to peak in 2022, they are to remain much higher than previously forecast.”
It added that “the outlook for commodity markets depends heavily on the duration of the war in Ukraine” and the disruption it causes to supply chains.
